白银市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

为了明确白银市土地利用状况与生态系统服务价值之间的关系,进一步确定白银市各土地利用类型对生态系统的影响程度。本研究选择当量因子法评价白银市2009—2017年土地利用状况、生态系统服务价值以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:（1）2009—2017年,白银市生态系统服务价值总量从56.75亿元下降到56.49亿元,总体呈下降趋势,各项生态系统功能和生态系统服务都呈下降趋势;草地生态系统服务价值减少了2549.18万元,减少最多,人口对生态系统负荷呈减轻趋势;（2）白银市土地利用类型对生态系统服务价值具有较大的影响,主要受建设用地增加较多,草地和林地面积减少影响较大,在以后的发展中,要从保护生态用地、挖掘存量建设用地方面,探索出一条生态优先、绿色发展的新路子。     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

水产养殖业在我国拥有重要的地位。在过去50多年间,以中国为代表的水产养殖业的发展速度已超过全球人口增速,全球已经有39个国家和地区的水产养殖产量超过了捕捞产量,中国则以水产养殖产量占渔业总产量的73%位列第一[1-2]。随着经济的发展和养殖规模的不断提升,养殖业出现了生产方式落后、效率低下、养殖环境污染、水域生态破坏、病害频发等一系列亟待解决的问题[3-4]。     

华南型黄瓜新品种‘燕青’

‘燕青’黄瓜是以雌性系86G为母本，自交系Z-1为父本配制而成的华南型新品种。植株长势较强，强雌型。瓜圆筒形，长20 cm，平均单瓜质量186 g，瓜色白绿色，脆嫩微甜。早熟性突出，耐阴，耐寒，丰产性强，平均总产量达70.74 t • hm-2。适宜重庆及相似生态区春保护地、露地栽培。     

石羊河下游不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群分布格局

在样地调查的基础上,结合相邻格子取样方法,采用扩散系数(C)、丛生指标(I)、负二项参数(K)、聚块性系数(Ca)、平均拥挤指标(m*)、聚集度指标(G)、Moristia指数(Iδ)、Green指数(IG)等8个指标,对石羊河下游不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群分布格局、聚集强度进行了研究,结果表明:①沙地和盐碱地黑果枸杞个体数量较多,聚集程度相对较高,砾石和固定半固定沙地黑果枸杞的个体数量较少,聚集程度相对较低;②盐碱地和沙地黑果枸杞种群呈现聚集分布,固定半固定沙地和砾石样地相对于沙地和盐碱地的聚集程度有所减弱,有一定的随机趋势;③不同发育阶段的黑果枸杞种群格局类型总体呈现聚集分布的特点,随着龄级的增大,黑果枸杞种群分布格局表现出由聚集向均匀分布的变化趋势。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

Characterization of Acidovorax citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous plants

Acidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch disease of cucurbits. Strains of this pathogen are distributed into two major groups: Group I strains have been mainly isolated from melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, while Group II strains have been mainly recovered from watermelon. Here we report the characterization of strains T1 and EP isolated from diseased tomato and eggplant plants, respectively, and further confirmed to belong to A. citrulli species. Based on PCR, PFGE, and rep-PCR, these strains showed high similarity to the Group II strain 7a1. Sequencing and comparative analyses revealed that the genomes of T1 and EP aligned with that of the Group II model strain AAC00-1, over 97.88% and 99.22%, respectively. The virulence of T1, EP, and 7a1 determined on tomato, eggplant, and watermelon was similar and significantly higher than that of Group I strain M6. In contrast, M6 was more virulent on melon. Expression levels of seven virulence genes measured 24 hr after inoculation of tomato, eggplant, watermelon, and melon showed that the expression pattern was generally similar in strains 7a1, T1, and EP, whereas for M6 the expression was high only on melon. Overall, our results indicate that the solanaceous strains belong to Group II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports characterization of A. citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous species. The fact that A. citrulli is able to naturally colonize and cause disease in non-cucurbit crops poses additional challenges for management of this important pathogen.     

夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

新疆南疆机采棉品种株型结构与产量性状的相关性

【目的】分析不同类型陆地棉品种的株型结构及产量性状,研究高产优质机采棉品种的株型结构与产量结构的特点,为棉花结构育种提供理论参考。【方法】测试不同机采棉品种的株型结构性状及产量结构相关指标,利用差异显著性分析、相关分析等统计方法,研究几种机采棉品种的株型性状、产量结构性状及其相关性特点。【结果】籽棉产量与株高、主茎节间长、果枝数、果节数存在正相关但不显著,与果枝始节高度呈负相关;株高与果枝始节高存在显著正相关,与主茎节间长度呈极显著相关; 17N11株型为塔型结构,其底部主茎叶片保留完整、籽棉产量、株高最高,而17N13主茎叶片数最多,17N5则具有最小的叶片脱落率;在棉花株型结构的共性方面,棉花果枝角度具有由上至下呈增大趋势,而变异能力则呈现与之相反的趋势(上部＞中部＞下部)。棉花主茎叶大小具有由上部至下部减小的趋势,变异能力亦呈现与之相反的趋势(下部＞中部＞上部)。【结论】株型结构具备中、上部果枝夹角较小(上部＜32.0°,中部＜50.0°),主茎叶总面积高于320 cm²,下部主茎叶片脱落率低于20%的机采棉品种产量优势显著,中上部果枝夹角、主茎叶总面积、下部主茎叶片脱落率可作为株型育种后代材料选择依据。     

浅谈新型职业农民培养现状--以河南省睢县为例

本文从什么是新型职业农民，重点阐述睢县新型职业农民培育的现实状况，分析新型职业农 民培育中存在的问题，提出了培育新型职业农民要构建多元化培训模式的方案，理论培训与实际操作 相结合，跟踪考察落实情况并不断改进，将新型农民培养定为农村发展的战略性举措。     

气候变化对呼伦贝尔草地地上生物量的影响

基于温、压、湿、风等主要气象资料,结合生长季逐月的地上生物量实测数据,分析气候变化及气候年型对牧草产量形成的影响,结果表明：（1）两站降水量呈波动变化,无明显的变化趋势;（2）额尔古纳和鄂温克的年均气温呈显著升高的趋势,气温倾向率分别为0.348℃/10 a、0.444℃/10 a,增温速率均明显高于同期中国东北地区,其中,鄂温克的增温速率高于中国增温最迅速的青藏地区;（3）额尔古纳和鄂温克潜在蒸散量呈波动升高的趋势;（4）两站湿润度呈显著的波动下降趋势,气候呈较明显的变干燥趋势;（5）湿润状况影响两站地上生物量形成,气候偏旱年草原地上生物量的形成会受到显著的抑制,两站草地地上生物量均与当月及上个月的湿润度指数呈线性回归关系。